These

lamps are holy

and

we are not permitted to make use of them

but rather only to

see them

And we are not permitted to make use of

them, but rather only to see them, etc. And it says that the commandment is

to see the Hanukkah lamp. This means that the Hanukkah lamps give light

for each Israelite soul so that it will be able to see itself in the manner of

self-seeing needed by every human being, as it is said, "Look at three

things and you will not come to sin": the miracle of the lamps was to give

illumination to everyone whose eyes had grown too dark for seeing. The Gemara

states: "Lamp light is good for making an inspection" – i.e., lamps

are used for searching out things, for it is written, [Man's

soul is the Lord's lamp] which searches out all the innermost parts,

and see the first chapter of Pesahim. The innermost

parts refers to the point of vitality in each soul that comes from the

blessed Lord, as it is written, and He breathed into his nostrils the soul

of life – it searches the holes and cracks in a person's soul,

trying to find a proper place to spread out and give light. Thus is exactly

like the lamp-light searching for oil in the wick. And in the midrash [Pesikta] [the word hor – "hole"] is explained as deriving from the word

herut – "freedom" – as in send him free. For this point

truth]. Even if a person is enslaved to the evil inclination and is unaware of

the truth, he shall be able to see with the help of the Lord's lamp, which is

the commandments, which are called lamps.

(Sefat

Emet Hanukkah 5632)

With Eyes Closed and Befetah

Einayim – "At the Opening of Eyes"

Dalia Marx

Parashat Vayeshev is bounded by pairs of dreams.

It opens with Joseph's two dreams and concludes with the dreams of Pharaoh's

chamberlains. Not one of these dreams was born of a sound sleep and their

interpretations were all wrought with tension. At the very heart and center of

the parasha, interrupting the account of Joseph's adventures – which themselves

seem to have been borrowed from some nightmare – we find the story of Tamar and

Judah. Tamar waits for her father-in-law Judah befetah einayim, at the

cross roads or in some open space, but literally, "at the opening of

eyes." She hopes to be granted progeny and she hides herself behind a

scarf. Tamar waits hidden befetah einayim and the dream is her

inversion; the dream comes to reveal that which is hidden to the dreamer whose

eyes are closed.

An article I wrote about parashat Miketz¹

dealt with two other dreams – those of Pharaoh. There I discussed how a dream

can open for its dreamer (and for those who are told about the dream) a rare

window into the dreamer's inner world. Now I would like to treat a different

aspect of dreams and dreaming, that of the dream as an interpretive act which

possesses a rhetorical dimension and represents particular interests.

Let us begin by examining the four dreams

told in our parasha: Joseph's first dream is naturalistic and it begins by

portraying a plausible situation: the brothers are binding sheaves together in

the field. Things soon turn surreal and unnatural in a way that invites the

brother's enmity: my sheaf arose and also stood

my sheaf (37:7).

Collecting sheaves in the field was a part of daily life, but something supernatural

happened when Joseph's sheave stood up and the other sheaves bowed down to it. Next

Joseph dreams a second dream, one involving the unnatural behavior of heavenly

bodies: Behold, I have dreamed another dream, and behold, the sun, the moon,

and eleven stars were prostrating themselves to me (37:9). How can stars,

the sun and the moon prostrate themselves, and to a human being, no

less? Joseph relates his dream, but it is his audience which says the stars are

his brothers and the sun and moon Jacob and Rachel. We readers are left only to

ask why Joseph chose to share his dream and whether he might have done so

innocently.

Now come the dreams of the chief cupbearer

and the chief baker. Their dreams portray seemingly natural and possible events

drawn from their respective professional lives. The atmosphere of the dreams

is, however, surreal. This is how the chief baker describes his dream: In my dream, behold, there were three wicker baskets on

my head. And in the topmost basket were

them from the basket atop my head (40:16-17). The dream contains no

impossible detail, but as a whole it seems unreal.

The four dreams of our parasha are not

described directly by the biblical narrator, but rather by those who dreamt

them, as is also the case with Pharaoh and his dreams. Consequently, we are

given – from the very start – the dreamer's interpretation of the dream rather

than the content of the dream itself (allowing the contestable assumption that

"the thing itself" can be described verbally). Are the dreams

described accurately? Many of us find it difficult to put our dream experiences

into words; they are evasive and frequently non verbal. When describing our

dreams we restrain and limit them to the bounds of language and propriety (it

is not always pleasant to relate the details of an embarrassing dream). Sometimes

the special feelings that accompanied a dream are lost when it is translated

into words. According to psychoanalytic theory, the dream – as remembered by

the dreamer – is itself a product of processing and censorship. Even if we

assume it is possible to accurately describe dream experiences, could it be

that the three dreamers of our parasha exploit the retelling of their dreams for other

ends?

In one case Scripture almost explicitly

reveals the way a dream is manipulated in its telling: it was only after the

chief baker heard Joseph's optimistic interpretation of the chief cupbearer's

dream that he decided to tell his own story: Now the

chief baker saw that he had interpreted well. So he said to Joseph…

(40:16). The style of his account mimics

that of his predecessor, the chief cupbearer, apparently in expectation that

this might help him receive a favorable interpretation of his dream as well. That

expectation was, of course, dashed.

While Joseph interprets other people's

dreams, he seems incapable of interpreting his own. The meaning of his first

dream is obvious; Joseph explicitly stated that his brothers' sheaves

prostrated themselves before his own. However, the meaning of his second dream

is far from clear. Jacob scolds Joseph, What is this

prostrate ourselves to you to the ground? (37:7), but is Jacob's albeit likely identification of the

eleven stars, the moon, and the sun really incontestable? And on the other

hand, can we imagine Joseph innocently and tangentially relating the dream to

his family at the dinner table? Did he really count the stars as he dreamt?

What was the point of his sharing the dream? In other words – what is the

connection between what we see dreaming with our eyes shut and that which we

see awake and open-eyed? What is the connection between our experiences in the

enigmatic world of dreams and that which we choose to tell about our dreams (or

are able to tell about them) after we awaken?

Leaving aside the psychological issues and

the significance of how dreamers may interpret their own dreams, what might be

the rhetorical function of telling a dream to a particular audience, and what

might be the point of telling it in a certain way? Joseph could have talked

about "many stars" prostrating themselves before him, thus avoiding

the implication that his own family members would serve him. Are dreams simply

the "royal road to the unconscious," as Freud stated, or do the

telling, hearing, and interpretation of dreams also have social and even

political significance? Do dreamers exploit the telling of their dreams in

order to influence their audience in an apparently innocent fashion

("That's not what I think, just what I was shown in a dream")? Is there

something inherently manipulative in the way a dream is told and in the way the

dreamer chooses to remember it? Do dreamers have control over the way they

remember their dreams and do they shape the way dreams are told? Can a dream's

meaning be changed through its retelling?

For the moment let us leave aside the

political aspects of dream-telling and the way dreamers manipulate their

audiences when relating their dreams and instead turn to the way dreamers

manipulate themselves via their dreams. The Sages gave confused or

frightened dreamers tools with which to process their dreams. A millennium and

a half before Freud, a dictum presented in the name of R. Yonatan states:

"A person is only shown [in a dream] things from his own thoughts" (b. Berakhot 55b). At night people see the

things which they think about during the day; if they change their thoughts

they can change their dreams.²

Anyone who has ever awakened from a

frightening dream knows how troubling it can be. Sometimes the dream continues

to haunt the dreamer after its particular details have been long forgotten and

any chance of its realization has passed. The Babylonian Talmud suggests a

remedy for scary dreams, a ritual called hatavat halom [literally,

"the betterment of a dream"] that is performed before three people:

"R. Pedat said that R. Yohanan said: One who sees a dream and is

distraught should have it deciphered before three [people]" (Berakhot 55b).³ Three people and

the dreamer perform a ritual in which they repeat a formula that is supposed to

turn the dream into a good one. In it, the dreamer says, "I saw a good

dream" and the others say:

It is good and it will be good. May the

All-Merciful make it good. Let it be decreed seven times by Heaven that it

shall be good, and it will be good… (El-Am

translation)

The goal of this dialogic text, which

consists entirely of a system of speech and response by the dreamer and the

three attendees, is to transform the dream's meaning and to make it good in the

eyes of the dreamer. In their discussion of dreams and their interpretation,

the Sages offer an alternative method for dealing with such predicaments;

today, we would call it "positive thinking." That is, as soon as one

awakes one should link the dreamt scene to a positive biblical verse before any

alternative interpretations bubble up from the subconscious. For example:

R. Yehoshua ben Levi said: One who sees a

river in a dream should rise early and say: Behold I will extend peace to

her like a river (Isaiah 66:12); lest

another verse come to him first: for distress will come in like a river (59:19).

One who sees a bird in a dream should rise

early and say: As birds hovering, so will the [Lord of Hosts] protect (31:5), lest another verse occur to him first: As

a bird that wanders from her nest, etc (Proverbs

27:8). (Berakhot

56b, El-Am translation)

Many people dismiss these instructions as

expressing a kind of magical thinking that is inappropriate for rational

people, but it seems there is really something to them since our perception of

the world is itself an important part of our world. Even if we may criticize

the banality of the sentence "Think positively and things will turn out

positively," we cannot say it misses the mark. Those who have the wisdom

to interpret their experiences (both dreamt and wakeful) positively are happier

and healthier for it. Countless studies and personal anecdotes have proven that

"positive" people make there way through life's difficult events

better than those who do not share that attitude. It is not just a matter of

auto-suggestion, but rather a refusal to accept arbitrariness and determinism

in our lives and retention of the feeling of that we control our own lives.

Our lives are just like the parasha: they

begin with a dream and end passing like a dream. May the petah ha'einayim

– the "opening of eyes" – which we have been granted be valid and

worthy.

1. Dalia Marx, "To be of troubled spirit – and to

talk about it," Shabbat Shalom, Miketz issue, 5768.

2. We cannot here go into the Sages'

theory (or theories) of dreams; I will just mention that a wide variety of

opinions appears in the discussion from which I have drawn the Talmudic

quotations, ranging from "the dreams speak falsely" (based upon Zachariah 10:2) to the idea that dreams are a kind of minor prophecy.

In any case, it appears that the editor of the Talmud held that "all

dreams follow the mouth" (b. Berakhot

55b), that is to say; their significance

is determined by how they are interpreted. That is the position I take here.

3. The Jerusalem Talmud contains a similar formulation,

but there it seems to be intended to serve as a petitionary prayer that is

recited privately (Berakhot 5:1; 9a)

Dr. Dalia Marx teaches liturgy and

midrash at Hebrew Union College in Jerusalem

 The Leader Must Not Have

Descendent of Peretz and of Ruth the Moabite.

Rabbi Hama bar Hanina said: Why did Joseph die before his brothers? Because

he was domineering.

(Berakhot 55b)

R. Yehudah said in the name of Shmuel: Why was the kingship of Saul's

family discontinued? Because they were without blemish, for Rabbi Yohanan said

in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yehotzadak: One is not appointed leader over

the public unless he has a basket of impurities hanging behind him, so that

should he become self-satisfied, he can be told: "Look behind you."

(Yoma 22b)

Amram took himself Yokheved, his aunt, for a wife – The Holy One

acquiesced that a great person such as Moses should descend from a relationship

which was destined to be prohibited, because one is not appointed leader over

the public unless he has a basket of impurities hanging from his neck, lest he

be arrogant towards the people, as we found in the case of David.

(Hizkuni, Shemot

6:20)

It is proper to appoint as public official only one who is known to be

modest, humble, and patient. This is because he must deal with different people

in different and changing ways. He must love each according to his character.

If such [leaders] are not to found, but in any case brave and arrogant persons

must be appointed, they should be careful not to appoint people so

authoritarian as to feel that the appointment is theirs forever, that they are

more deserving than their neighbors because of their might; their realization

that they are assisted by their father's qualities causes their conceit and

arrogance to increase. [Rather, chose] people who know that there are persons more

deserving [to be leaders] in their society. If they deny this, someone should

be found to tell them the truth and to recall the past. As it is said in a light

and exaggerated vein, "One is not appointed leader over the public unless

there is a sack of impurities hanging behind him." This means, that even

though he himself is decent, should he become light-headed and behave haughtily

towards the public not for the sake of Heaven, we tell him, "Return and

judge yourself, and look behind you." Similarly, they said: "Why was

the kingship of Saul's family discontinued? Because it was without

blemish." – meaning a family blemish, and because of this they would behave

arrogantly toward the public – not necessarily for the sake of Heaven.

(From Beit HaBehira

of Rabeinu Menahem Hameiri, (1249-1315), on Yoma 22b).

And he answered and spoke to me, saying,

force and not by physical strength, but by My spirit,' says the Lord of Hosts.

(Zechariah 4:6, from the

haftarah for the first Shabbat of Hannukah)

Just as you saw This means: that the stone was hewn from

the mountain by itself and not by human hands, and the iron was broken up,

etc.; so too will be the kingdom of the Messiah; it will not come by military

force and not by physical strength, but of its own self when the time comes.

(Metzudat David

Daniel 2:45)

And he answered…'Not by might and not by force…' –

Just as you saw the Menorah stand before you by its own accord, without any

person setting up the lamps or pouring oil into them, so too the Temple shall

be built without human effort but rather by God's spirit and will, and the

vision will be further explained to you in detail.

(ReDaK ad loc)

Peace is

not just a matter of an ethical tendency. Working for peace is a constant

cultural effort, sublime and powerful, work towards which all the most

productive forces of the nation should be directed.

(Iggrot HaRAYaH of Rav Kook, zt"l, letter 671)

Therefore the pure

righteous ones do not complain about wickedness but rather increase justice;

they do not complain about heresy, but rather increase faith; they do not

complain about ignorance, but rather increase wisdom.

(Harav Kook Ztz"l, Arpelei Tohar 27-28)

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